305+ Frog Puns That’ll Make You Jump for Joy
30 mins read

305+ Frog Puns That’ll Make You Jump for Joy

Frog puns are ribbit-ing little wordplays that mix humor with clever twists on frog-themed phrases. They’re short, witty, and perfect for making friends giggle, brightening social media captions, or hopping into party conversations.

As someone who’s shared plenty of pun-filled jokes at family game nights, I can tell you, these playful quips never fail to get a chuckle. If you love animal humor, need a funny greeting card line, or want something silly for your next Instagram post, you’ve just landed in the right lily pond.

This collection is packed with lighthearted, shareable puns that will make you leap with laughter. So, grab your sense of humor, because it’s time to dive into the funniest frog wordplay that’s as charming as it is unforgettable.

Top Frog Puns

  • Why did the frog bring a ladder to the pond? To reach new opportunities!
  • What do you call a rich frog? A croak-a-millionaire!
  • Why did the frog sit on the lily pad all day? Because he was un-frog-gettable!
  • How does a frog open his email? With an inbox ribbit!
  • Why was the frog so happy? He just got a toad-ally awesome deal!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite game? Leapfrog, of course!
  • Why do frogs never get stressed? They always take things one hop at a time.
  • How do frogs stay healthy? They jump into exercise every day.
  • What did the frog say to his date? “You make my heart leap!”
  • Why did the frog buy a new phone? His old one had too many croaks.
  • How do frogs celebrate success? They throw a ribbing party!
  • What do you call a frog comedian? A real stand-up croaker!
  • Why do frogs love rain? It’s their natural spa day!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite candy? Lollihops!
  • Why do frogs never get lost? They always follow the pond signs.

Best Frog Puns

  • Why was the frog good at baseball? He always caught fly balls!
  • What do you call a fancy frog? Tad-chic!
  • Why did the frog go to the bank? To open a jumping account.
  • How do frogs share secrets? Whisper through the reeds.
  • What’s a frog’s dream job? A croak-star musician.
  • Why did the frog start a band? He wanted to make some sick beats and hops.
  • What did the frog teacher say? “Time to hop to it!
  • Why did the frog refuse dessert? He was full of flies.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite subject? MATH, Multiply and Leap!
  • How do frogs flirt? They give toad-ally smooth compliments.
  • What did the frog say after a good meal? “I’m hoppy and full!
  • Why did the frog read a book? To learn new leap words.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite movie? The Sound of Mucus!
  • Why do frogs love spring? More bugs to munch and ponds to jump!
  • What did the frog scientist discover? The Theory of Ribbitivity!

Funny Frog Puns and Jokes

Funny Frog Puns
  • Why did the lily pad break up with the frog? Because he was too clingy.
  • Why did the pond host a party? To celebrate a ribbit-ing success.
  • Why did the green jumper go to school? To get a little frog-ucation.
  • Why did the bullfrog win the race? Because he took a giant leap forward.
  • Why did the frog prince skip gym class? He didn’t want to do jumping jacks.
  • Why did the wetland get awards? For its outstanding hop-ortunity zones.
  • Why did the toad become an artist? He loved to work with green shades.
  • Why was the froglet great at basketball? Because he could jump-shot perfectly.
  • Why did the pond water blush? It saw the frog’s bare lily.
  • Why did the ribbit sound echo? Because the frog was in a hoppy mood.
  • Why did the kermit join the band? He could handle the drumsticks.
  • Why did the tadpole bring sunscreen? To avoid turning into a red-eye frog.
  • Why did the swamp grass giggle? Because it heard a croak-y joke.
  • Why did the marsh need cleaning? Too much frog-ment in the water.
  • Why did the bullfrog join boxing? He was great at punch lines.
  • Why did the toadstool throw a party? It was feeling fungi.
  • Why did the frog choir sound perfect? They were in tune-a.
  • Why did the pond skater blush? It saw a fly outfit.
  • Why did the froggy bring a ladder? To reach the high notes.
  • Why did the swamp king retire? He had too many croak calls.
  • Why did the garden frog win best dressed? For his tailored lily suit.
  • Why did the leaping frog start yoga? For better flex-a-bility.
  • Why did the amphibian love mysteries? He was a sleuth hopper.
  • Why did the pond frogs cheer? Their team made a splash.

Frog Puns One-Liners

  • Why did the toad like stand-up comedy? He nailed the punchline.
  • Why did the swamp hire a lifeguard? For jump safety.
  • Why did the froglet join school band? To play the trumpet.
  • Why did the green hopper eat flies? He loved fast food.
  • Why did the lily pad take a nap? To get restored.
  • Why did the pond king love chess? He could always leap ahead.
  • Why did the froggy skip dinner? He was on a hop diet.
  • Why did the bullfrog buy shoes? For extra spring.
  • Why did the swamp frog read books? To gain pond-ledge.
  • Why did the ribbit sound stop? Someone hit the pause button.
  • Why did the wetland feel proud? It had great eco friends.
  • Why did the frog prince eat cake? For a royal treat.
  • Why did the tadpole get promoted? For being toad-ally reliable.
  • Why did the marsh love gossip? It kept things juicy.
  • Why did the froggy chef get famous? For his souperb cooking.
  • Why did the toad smile? He found his prince.
  • Why did the pond skater feel fancy? He wore fly shoes.
  • Why did the green jumper get invited? For his bubbly nature.
  • Why did the swamp get quiet? The frogs were hush-puppies.
  • Why did the froglet love dancing? It had leap moves.
  • Why did the toad feel smart? He had amphibious skills.
  • Why did the frog paint walls? He liked splashing colors.
  • Why did the wetland frog win? For his fast-hop skill.
  • Why did the garden get frogs? To keep it pest-free.
  • Why did the froggy singer smile? She hit a high note.
  • Why did the swamp feel lucky? It had a four-leap charm.
  • Why did the ribbit echo? The frog was in tune.

Short Frog Puns

  • Why did the froggy smile? He felt hoppy.
  • Why did the lily pad giggle? A frog toad a joke.
  • Why did the toad wave? To say hi.
  • Why did the pond cheer? It made a splash.
  • Why did the froglet hop? For fun.
  • Why did the bullfrog grin? He won a leap.
  • Why did the swamp hum? Frogs were singing.
  • Why did the ribbit echo? It was loud.
  • Why did the garden pond smile? It had friends.
  • Why did the froggy rest? He was tired.
  • Why did the toad jump? To catch a fly.
  • Why did the marsh dance? The frogs were happy.
  • Why did the frog prince blush? He saw his love.
  • Why did the pond skater stop? To take a break.
  • Why did the tadpole laugh? At a joke.
  • Why did the swamp cheer? It won first.
  • Why did the froggy hide? For a surprise.
  • Why did the toad sing? To spread joy.
  • Why did the lily pad float? It was light.
  • Why did the bullfrog nap? He was sleepy.
  • Why did the marsh clap? It liked the show.
  • Why did the froglet hug? For comfort.
  • Why did the pond glow? Fireflies were near.
  • Why did the froggy cheer? He felt great.
  • Why did the ribbit stop? Frogs went quiet.
  • Why did the toad grin? For luck.
  • Why did the swamp smile? It was peaceful.

Dirty Frog Puns

  • What did the frog say to his date in the swamp? “Let’s get a little wet and wild.”
  • Why did the frog blush? He saw his tadpole-naked reflection!
  • How does a frog flirt at the pond? With some un-frog-ettable moves.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite pickup line? “You make my lily pad spin!
  • Why did the frog take a bubble bath? He wanted a steamy ribbit session.
  • How does a frog express love? With croaky whispers and soft hops.
  • What did the frog say under the moonlight? “Let’s hop into each other’s hearts.
  • Why did the frog couple stay in? It was too damp to resist!
  • How do frogs spice up romance? With lip-locking leaps!
  • What’s a frog’s guilty pleasure? A little pond-playtime!
  • Why did the frog giggle in bed? He heard a toadally naughty joke!
  • How do frogs show affection? They hop closer to every ribbit.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite bedtime story? Fifty Shades of Green!
  • Why did the frog wink? He was feeling a bit slimy-seduced.
  • What did the frog say to his lover? “You’ve got me tongue-tied and croaking.

Romantic Frog Puns

Romantic Frog Puns
  • What did the frog say on Valentine’s Day? “You make my heart leap!
  • Why did the frog bring flowers? He wanted to lily-light her day!
  • What’s a frog’s love song? “Can’t Help Falling in Ribbit.”
  • Why do frogs make loyal partners? They stick to one lily pad.
  • What did the frog write in the card? “You’re my toad-ally one and only.
  • How do frogs say “I love you”? With a ribbit from the heart.
  • What did the lady frog say after the kiss? “That’s hoppily ever!
  • Why did the frog give chocolates? To make her toad-ally sweet.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite date night? Dinner and a leap show!
  • How does a frog express feelings? Through heartfelt croaks.
  • Why did the frog propose? He wanted to tie the ribbit knot.
  • What did the frog prince whisper? “You’re my fairy tale come true.
  • How do frogs keep love alive? With daily hops and cuddles.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite romantic spot? By the moonlit pond.
  • Why do frogs love springtime? It’s leap season for love.

Trending Frog Puns

  • Why did the frog go viral? His leap dance challenge broke the internet!
  • What’s trending in the frog world? CroakTok videos!
  • Why do frogs love social media? They’re all about ribbit engagement.
  • What’s a frog influencer’s motto? “Stay hoppy, stay fresh.”
  • Why did the frog meme blow up? It was toad-ally relatable!
  • How do frogs post selfies? With a pond-perfect angle.
  • Why did the frog join Twitter? To share his croak-thoughts!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite hashtag? #HopGoals
  • Why did the frog trend on TikTok? His leap transitions were smooth!
  • What’s the latest frog slang? “That’s so ribbiting!
  • Why do frogs love memes? They keep their humor jumping.
  • What’s the frog’s favorite app? SnapHop!
  • Why did the frog influencer get famous? He had un-frog-gettable content.
  • How do frogs get followers fast? By croaking catchy lines.
  • What’s a frog’s social goal? To become a viral hopper.

Hilarious Frog Puns

  • Why did the frog tell jokes? To make everyone croak with laughter!
  • What do you call a lazy frog? Un-frog-ressive!
  • Why did the frog go to school? To improve his hop-titude.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite sport? Jump rope!
  • Why did the frog sit on the computer? To keep an eye on the web.
  • What’s a frog’s life motto? “Keep calm and hop on.
  • How does a frog sign off emails? “Best ribbits, sincerely yours.
  • What do frogs eat for breakfast? French flies!
  • Why do frogs make bad liars? Their stories never leap straight.
  • How do frogs start their day? With a croak of coffee!
  • Why did the frog cross the road? To show his true leaps!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite drink? Croak-a-cola!
  • Why do frogs never get tired? They’re always jump-charged!
  • What did the frog comedian say? “I’m just here for the ribbits.
  • Why did the frog love comedy night? It was a hopping good time!

Read More: Chuck Norris Christmas Jokes & One Liners

Frog Puns for Kids

  • Why did the frog bring a backpack? To carry his homework!
  • What’s a baby frog called? A tad-cool kid!
  • Why did the frog wear sunglasses? Because he was a cool croaker!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite toy? A hop-it ball!
  • Why did the frog jump over the playground? To reach the next swing!
  • How does a frog spell fun? R-I-B-B-I-T!
  • What do you call a musical frog? A hip-hop hopper!
  • Why did the frog sit near the teacher? He wanted to leap ahead in class.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite subject? Feeding and leaping!
  • Why did the frog bring a pencil? To draw fly pictures!
  • What’s a frog’s bedtime song? “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Pad!
  • Why did the frog laugh at lunch? His sandwich had extra flies!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite holiday? Leap Year!
  • Why do frogs love the zoo? It’s ribbiting fun!
  • How do frog kids play tag? They hop and giggle all day!

Clever Frog Puns

  • Why did the frog ace his test? He used his natural leap logic!
  • What’s a frog’s secret talent? Ribbit reasoning!
  • Why do frogs make good detectives? They always jump to the clue.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite board game? Hop-eration!
  • Why did the frog get promoted? He had un-frog-gettable ideas.
  • What’s a frog’s philosophy? “Leap before you sleep.”
  • Why did the frog win an award? For outstanding croakmanship!
  • How do frogs stay smart? They read pond papers daily.
  • What do frogs call success? A giant leap forward!
  • Why do frogs love puzzles? They enjoy connecting lily dots.
  • What did the frog scientist invent? The Honor Collider!
  • Why was the frog a great writer? His stories had great leap endings.
  • How does a frog solve problems? With toad-ally sharp thinking!
  • Why do frogs love math? They always multiply by leaps!
  • What did the frog inventor say? “It’s not magic, it’s amphibian engineering!

Christmas Frog Puns

Christmas Frog Puns
  • What’s a frog’s favorite Christmas song? “Ribbit Around the Christmas Tree!
  • Why did the frog hang up his stocking? For some fly treats!
  • How do frogs say Merry Christmas? “Hoppy Holidays!
  • What’s a frog’s Christmas wish? To leap into Santa’s good list!
  • Why did the frog wear a red scarf? To match Ribbit Claus!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite Christmas treat? Mistle-toad cookies!
  • Why did the frog love winter? It’s snowy and fun to hop!
  • What do frogs call Santa’s helpers? Elf-amphibians!
  • Why did the frog stay up late? To catch Santa hopping!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite holiday movie? Leap Actually!
  • How do frogs decorate trees? With lily lights and pond ornaments!
  • Why did the frog sing carols? He loved ribbiting tunes!
  • What do frogs say at Christmas dinner? “Pass the fly pudding!
  • Why did the frog wrap gifts early? He was toad-ally organized!
  • What’s a frog’s Christmas message? Peace, love, and leaps to all!

Valentine Frog Puns

  • What did the frog say on Valentine’s Day? “You’re my toad-ally true love!
  • Why did the frog blush? He saw his sweetheart leap by!
  • What’s a frog’s love letter called? A croak note!
  • How do frogs flirt? They ribbit compliments all night.
  • Why did the frog bring roses? To make his lily lady smile.
  • What did the lady frog say? “You make my heart hop wild!
  • Why do frogs love hugs? They stick together like lily pads.
  • What’s a frog’s favorite Valentine candy? Hop-tarts!
  • How do frogs show affection? With tiny leaps of love!
  • Why did the frog write a poem? To say, “You’re my pond soulmate.
  • What’s a frog’s romantic getaway? Paris, the city of hops!
  • What did the frog whisper? “You’re un-frog-ettable, darling.
  • Why did the frog kiss her? He wanted to seal it with a croak.
  • How do frogs celebrate Valentine’s? With fly-shaped chocolates!
  • What did the frog prince say? “You make me feel fairy-tale real.

Frog Puns Captions

  • Why did the frog start a fashion blog? Because he had an un-frog-gettable style!
  • What did the happy frog post on Instagram? “Just hoppin’ into the weekend!”
  • Why did the frog bring a camera? To take ribbiting selfies!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite caption? “Leap into life, one jump at a time.”
  • Why was the frog trending? Because he was toad-ally viral!
  • What’s a frog’s caption for gym day? “Leg day? Leap day!
  • How do frogs sign off their posts? “Catch you on the pond-side!
  • Why did the frog post about rain? He said, “Finally, my natural habitat content!
  • What’s a frog’s motto? “Stay hoppy, not sloppy!”
  • What did the frog write under his food pic? “Frognificent feast ahead!
  • What does a frog say during sunset? “Toadally golden hour vibes!
  • Why did the frog love captions? Because he liked punny pond posts!
  • What did the frog say at graduation? “Leap forward with confidence!”
  • What’s a frog’s birthday caption? “Another year jumpin’ strong!
  • Why do frogs love captions? Because they always add a hop of humor!

Read More: Polar Bear Puns & Jokes One Liners

Reddit Frog Puns

  • Why did the frog join Reddit? To share his ribbiting opinions!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite subreddit? r/HoppyHumor!
  • Why did the frog get upvoted? Because his post was toad-ally relatable!
  • What did the frog say after posting? “I’m leaping into karma!
  • Why do frogs love Reddit threads? They’re full of ribbit replies!
  • What happens when a frog gets downvoted? He just hops away unbothered!
  • Why did the frog start a meme thread? To share amphibious laughter!
  • What’s a frog’s Reddit confession? “I’m addicted to pond posts!
  • What do you call a wise Reddit frog? A philosofrog!
  • Why did the frog go viral? His meme was un-frog-ettable!
  • What’s a frog’s reaction to drama? “Let’s hop out of this thread!
  • Why did the frog leave r/relationships? Too many toxic toads!
  • What do frogs post about? Hoppy news and funny lilypad memes!
  • Why did the frog become a moderator? To keep things croak-free!
  • How do frogs celebrate Reddit gold? With a golden croak of joy!

Frog Puns for Instagram

Frog Puns for Instagram
  • What did the frog influencer say? “Stay hoppy and humble!
  • Why did the frog go live? To share his leap-tastic lifestyle!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite filter? Toad tone!
  • Why do frogs love hashtags? Because they’re #HoppingTrends!
  • What did the frog say after getting likes? “Feeling un-frog-gettable today!
  • Why did the frog love selfies? He had a ribbiting smile!
  • What’s a frog’s travel post caption? “Leaping around the world!
  • Why did the frog tag his best friend? Because he’s his tad-bestie!
  • What do you call a frog model? A run-hop queen!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite quote? “Keep calm and croak on!
  • Why did the frog love stories? They disappear faster than a leap!
  • What’s a frog’s workout post? “Jump goals achieved!
  • What’s a frog’s mood post? “Feeling pond-erful!
  • Why did the frog love reels? Because he’s born to hop!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite emoji? Definitely the 🐸 and 💚 combo!

Creative Frog Puns

  • What do you call a frog artist? A master of splash-strokes!
  • Why did the frog join the theatre? He had natural ribbit talent!
  • What’s a frog’s creative dream? To write a croakbuster movie!
  • Why did the frog start painting? To express his inner tadpole!
  • What do frogs do on stage? They hop to the spotlight!
  • Why was the frog a good writer? He had an amphibian imagination!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite craft? Lily-pad origami!
  • What did the frog compose? A toadally catchy tune!
  • Why did the frog love poetry? He could rhyme and ribbit!
  • What’s a frog’s dream job? Hop-wood director!
  • What did the frog sculpt? A mud masterpiece!
  • Why did the frog win the art fair? His work was un-frog-ettable!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite instrument? The banjo-on-the-pond!
  • What did the frog invent? The first leap-powered car!
  • Why did the frog join dance class? He wanted to perfect his hop-hop routine!

Frog Puns for Adults

  • Why did the frog skip work? He was feeling a bit un-frog-tunate!
  • What’s a frog’s dating advice? Leap before you look!
  • Why did the frog break up? His partner was too jumpy!
  • What do you call a rich frog? A million-hopaire!
  • Why did the frog go to therapy? He had deep pond issues!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite drink? A ribbit-rita!
  • Why did the frog love karaoke? He could really croak a tune!
  • What do frogs bring to parties? Their hoppy spirits!
  • Why did the frog start saving money? To buy a new lily-pad condo!
  • What’s a frog’s pickup line? “Are you from the pond? Because you make me hop with joy!
  • Why did the frog take a spa day? For toad-al relaxation!
  • What’s a frog’s biggest fear? Croak and taxes!
  • Why did the frog flirt? He wanted some amphibian affection!
  • What’s a frog’s morning routine? Coffee, stretches, and a hop of confidence!
  • Why did the frog laugh at work? The meeting was too ribbiting!

Frog Puns for Teachers

  • Why was the frog teacher so popular? He made learning un-frog-gettable!
  • What did the frog teach in class? Hop-erations and croak-ulations!
  • Why did the frog give homework? To make students jump into learning!
  • What do frogs write on the board? “Stay hoppy and study hard!
  • Why did the frog love math? He was great at leap-year problems!
  • What did the frog say at roll call? “Toadally present!
  • Why did the frog get an award? For most ribbiting lectures!
  • What’s a frog’s classroom rule? Always raise your webbed hand!
  • Why do frog students behave? They don’t want to get sent to the pond!
  • What did the frog say to sleepy kids? “Time to hop to it!
  • Why did the frog bring a book? To amphibian knowledge!
  • What’s a frog’s favorite subject? History!
  • Why did the frog love science? He enjoyed ribbiting experiments!
  • What do frogs say after class? “We leaped through the lesson!
  • Why did the frog become a teacher? He wanted to make education hoppy!

Cute Frog Puns About Love

  • Why did the frog prince write poems? To show he was toad-ally in love.
  • Why did the lily pad smile? It had a crush on the pond next door.
  • Why did the froggy give flowers? To make his sweetheart hoppy.
  • Why did the toad blush? The other frog called her ribbit-ing.
  • Why did the green hopper hold hands? He couldn’t let go.
  • Why did the tadpole bring candy? To make her feel sweet.
  • Why did the marsh glow? The frogs lit it with fireflies.
  • Why did the amphibian kiss her? To seal their leap of faith.
  • Why did the froglet draw hearts? To decorate his lily pad.
  • Why did the froggy chef bake cake? For his honey frog.
  • Why did the swamp frog write letters? For pond-distance love.
  • Why did the toad sing softly? To serenade his fly love.
  • Why did the bullfrog give a ring? To say “hoppily ever after.”
  • Why did the frog queen blush? The king called her lovely.
  • Why did the garden pond bloom? It was full of romance.
  • Why did the amphibian smile? He found his perfect catch.
  • Why did the swamp sparkle? Love was in the air.
  • Why did the froglet bring balloons? To lift her spirits.
  • Why did the ribbit sound soft? It was a whisper of love.
  • Why did the toad couple picnic? To spend hoppy time together.
  • Why did the frog prince write songs? To keep her leaping heart.
  • Why did the pond keep secrets? To protect their love story.
  • Why did the froggy save a fly? It was her first gift.
  • Why did the lily pad float away? To be closer to her mate.
  • Why did the bullfrog promise forever? Because love never croaks.

Frog Puns for Birthdays

  • Why did the froggy throw confetti? To make the day hoppy.
  • Why did the frog prince bake a cake? For a royal birthday bash.
  • Why did the lily pad get decorated? It was party time.
  • Why did the toad wear a hat? To look festive.
  • Why did the bullfrog sing loudly? For the birthday song.
  • Why did the swamp shine? It was full of candles.
  • Why did the froggy chef bake cupcakes? To sweeten the party.
  • Why did the amphibian invite friends? To make the day ribbit-ing.
  • Why did the tadpole wrap gifts? To surprise the guest.
  • Why did the marsh feel happy? It was the frog’s special day.
  • Why did the pond skater wear glitter? To add some sparkle.
  • Why did the froglet dance? It was his birthday leap.
  • Why did the garden pond play music? To get the frogs grooving.
  • Why did the toad bring balloons? To make it bright.
  • Why did the bullfrog wear shades? To look cool at the party.
  • Why did the froggy get cake on his face? For a sweet laugh.
  • Why did the lily pad feel honored? It hosted the birthday bash.
  • Why did the swamp invite fireflies? To be the lights.
  • Why did the frog prince give flowers? For a lovely wish.
  • Why did the ribbit sound echo? They were singing in harmony.
  • Why did the amphibian jump high? To cheer for the birthday frog.
  • Why did the toad bring snacks? To keep the party hopping.
  • Why did the froggy drummer play? To make the music beat.
  • Why did the pond water splash? To join the fun.
  • Why did the marsh feel warm? From all the smiles.
  • Why did the froglet hug friends? For a toad-ally happy day.
  • Why did the bullfrog shout? “Happy ribbit-day!”

Jump Up: Ant Puns So Good They’ll Crawl Into Your Heart

Conclusion

These frog puns are sure to leap right into your heart and bring a splash of laughter to any day. If you’re looking to brighten conversations or just enjoy some lighthearted fun, these witty wordplays hop along with joy and creativity. With a mix of clever humor and playful charm, they’re perfect for sharing with friends or revisiting whenever you need a smile.

From clever animal jokes to punny one-liners, this collection keeps the good vibes flowing. So don’t be shy,spread the cheer and keep the pun party jumping! Remember, life’s always better when you’re ready to ribbit up some fun!

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *